Claim LD09-SL-C09 (v1.0)

By February 2024 an estimated 17.5% of sentences in computer-science abstracts on arXiv were substantially modified by language models; the share was higher in papers closer to their nearest peer, a proxy for more crowded research areas (22.2% against 14.7% for less similar papers).

Provenance and status

Claim type: ESTIMATE (as printed: “ESTIMATE”)
Publication status: ELIGIBLE (VERSION) (as printed: “ELIGIBLE WITH VERSION QUALIFIER”)
Verification state: CONTENT_VERIFIED_PRIMARY (PREPRINT) (as printed: “CONTENT VERIFIED PREPRINT”; verified by: UNKNOWN)
Does not license: That language-model use causes papers to become more similar; crowding may drive use
Source (field 6, as printed): Liang, Zhang, Wu, Lepp, Ji, Zhao et al., “Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers,” arXiv:2404.01268, April 2024
Source type (field 7): PREPRINT (as printed: “Preprint”)
Institutional position: Independent academic (Stanford University-led)
Maturity (claim evidence / publication maturity): RAPIDLY_MATURING (as printed: “RAPIDLY MATURING”)
Recorded date: 2026-10-15
Currentness / correction: This is the current version. No correction or concern relation is recorded on its Sources.

Version

Pinned version v1.0 (entry LD09-SL-C09--v1.0) — this page never floats to newer evidence.

This pinned version is also the current version.

Versions:v1.0 · current

Pinned Sources (field 6, version-specific)

“Liang, Zhang, Wu, Lepp, Ji, Zhao et al., “Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers,” arXiv:2404.01268, April 2024” → SRC-SL-LIANG-ET-AL-ARXIV-2404-01268--v1.0 — Liang, Zhang, Wu, Lepp, Ji, Zhao et al., “Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers,” arXiv:2404.01268, April 2024; class PREPRINT (explicit public provenance pin)

All 25 canonical Claim fields (raw values and normalized values)

#	Canonical field	Canonical value (verbatim)	Normalized (Claim Value Vocabulary v1.0.2)
1	CLAIM ID	LD09-SL-C09	—
2	PUBLIC-FACING CLAIM	By February 2024 an estimated 17.5% of sentences in computer-science abstracts on arXiv were substantially modified by language models; the share was higher in papers closer to their nearest peer, a proxy for more crowded research areas (22.2% against 14.7% for less similar papers).	—
3	CLAIM TYPE	ESTIMATE	base_types: ESTIMATE
4	RESEARCH STRAND	A — Science and scholarship	—
5	MATURITY	RAPIDLY MATURING	states: RAPIDLY_MATURING
6	SOURCE	Liang, Zhang, Wu, Lepp, Ji, Zhao et al., “Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers,” arXiv:2404.01268, April 2024	source_ids: SRC-SL-LIANG-ET-AL-ARXIV-2404-01268
7	SOURCE TYPE	Preprint	classes: PREPRINT
8	INSTITUTIONAL POSITION	Independent academic (Stanford University-led)	—
9	SCOPE	arXiv, bioRxiv and Nature-portfolio papers, January 2020 to February 2024	—
10	DESIGN	Population-level estimate from shifts in word frequencies, not a per-paper detector	—
11	SAMPLE / DATASET	950,965 papers	—
12	MODEL / TOOL / VERSION	A distributional estimator of language-model-modified text	—
13	COMPARATOR	Pre-ChatGPT word distributions	—
14	MAIN RESULT	Computer-science abstracts up to 17.5% modified sentences; mathematics 4.9% and Nature-portfolio abstracts 6.3%; higher in crowded areas and among papers closer to their nearest peer (22.2% against 14.7%)	—
15	INFERENTIAL TARGET	How widely language models shape the text of scientific papers, and where	—
16	DOES NOT LICENSE	That language-model use causes papers to become more similar; crowding may drive use	—
17	VERIFICATION STATE	CONTENT VERIFIED PREPRINT	state: CONTENT_VERIFIED_PRIMARY · qualifiers: PREPRINT · verified_by: UNKNOWN
18	LIMITATIONS	Version 1 of the preprint read; a later version (COLM 2024) was not read and may update the numbers; measures writing, not content	—
19	CONTRADICTORY / SUPPORTING SOURCES	Not applicable	—
20	GEOGRAPHY / LANGUAGE	Global / English	—
21	DISTRIBUTIONAL LEDGER	Not recorded	—
22	R01 / FIELD-MAP LINKS	LD-09, D3	—
23	WHAT WOULD CHANGE THIS CLAIM?	Per-paper evidence that modified papers converge in content, not only in wording	—
24	PUBLICATION STATUS	ELIGIBLE WITH VERSION QUALIFIER	state: ELIGIBLE · qualifiers: VERSION
25	RECORDED DATE	2026-10-15	—

Field 22 references resolved against Field Map v0.2: LD-09 (LIVING_DEBATE); D3 (DOMAIN)

Cited by Living Debate versions

LD-09 v0.1

Research-of-record provenance

Materialized by sociolens-materializer 0.6.0 at 2026-09-28T20:00:00.000Z; normalization contract SocioLens — Claim Value Vocabulary v1.0.2 — Pre-Spike Materialization Contract (v1.0.2). Content seal SHA-256 81fb15564a6755bfcc7ffe28c362e96c8f64f8c90f52d1f98d5a997af23d1815.

Repository-authored inputs (not Drive exports)

SocioLens claim — LD09-SL-C09 v1.0 (v1.0) — written in the SocioLens repository by Project Lead (Claude, AI) on 2026-10-15; no Drive identity exists. Authority: AGENTS.md "Authority" (the Project Lead decides research content within the research-integrity rules) and the Owner's choice in the SocioLens project chat on 15 October 2026 to build the LD-09 debate; a new Claim, first version, written from the project's LD-09 source notes, checked against full texts or official abstracts. Block “ENTRY 09 — LD09-SL-C09” SHA-256 e4cca6746e3f1093fb06426166ab54deedeec5893ab7d17a2445ac16f086bf87; fixture fixtures/authored/claims/LD09-SL-C09--v1.0.

Builder decisions (not Drive data)

VERSION = v1.0 — basis: Claim version taken from the repository-authored claim fixture version (SocioLens claim — LD09-SL-C09 v1.0); the first version of a new Claim of the LD-09 debate
CURRENT_POINTER = true — basis: repository-authored claim "SocioLens claim — LD09-SL-C09 v1.0" (Project Lead (Claude, AI), 2026-10-15); basis: AGENTS.md "Authority" (the Project Lead decides research content within the research-integrity rules) and the Owner's choice in the SocioLens project chat on 15 October 2026 to build the LD-09 debate; a new Claim, first version, written from the project's LD-09 source notes, checked against full texts or official abstracts
FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-SL-LIANG-ET-AL-ARXIV-2404-01268--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 09 — LD09-SL-C09 cites "Liang, Zhang, Wu, Lepp, Ji, Zhao et al., “Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers,” arXiv:2404.01268, April 2024"; the only field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's repository-authored ledger block.
SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-SL-LIANG-ET-AL-ARXIV-2404-01268--v1.0 — basis: explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion (Amendment v1.2 §6): the pinned field-6 Source record "Liang, Zhang, Wu, Lepp, Ji, Zhao et al., “Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers,” arXiv:2404.01268, April 2024".