Claim LD07-HQ-C10 (v1.0)
AI-mediated responding is measurable in current online research, but self-reported assistance, overt outsourcing, AI-test failure and autonomous-agent detection are different estimands and cannot be pooled into one prevalence rate.
Provenance and status
- Claim type
- INTERPRETATION (as printed: “INTERPRETATION grounded in multiple ESTIMATES”)
- Publication status
- ELIGIBLE (as printed: “ELIGIBLE”)
- Verification state
- CONTENT_VERIFIED_PRIMARY (as printed: “CLEARED”; verified by: UNKNOWN)
- Does not license
- “AI contamination rate = X%”; autonomous-agent prevalence from assistance/self-report
- Source (field 6, as printed)
- Westwood & Frederick 2026; Asher et al. 2026; Zhang et al. 2025; Veselovsky et al.; Chen et al. 2026; Gordon et al. 2026; Xu & Malkin 2026; Lin 2026
- Source type (field 7)
- PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE, PREPRINT (as printed: “Peer-reviewed studies + preprints + synthesis”)
- Institutional position
- Mixed; Gordon includes Prolific personnel and requires position metadata
- Maturity (claim evidence / publication maturity)
- EMERGING (MULTI_STUDY) (as printed: “EMERGING / MULTI-STUDY”)
- Recorded date
- 2026-09-25
- Currentness / correction
- This is the current version. No correction or concern relation is recorded on its Sources.
Version
Pinned version v1.0 (entry LD07-HQ-C10--v1.0) — this page never floats to newer evidence.
This pinned version is also the current version.
Pinned Sources (field 6, version-specific)
- “Westwood & Frederick 2026” → SRC-LD07-WESTWOOD-FREDERICK-REPLY-2026--v1.0 — Westwood & Frederick, “Reply to Van der Stigchel et al.: Empirical evidence that AI survey contamination is real and substantial,” PNAS 123(8):e2537420123 (2026); class PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE (explicit public provenance pin)
- “Asher et al. 2026” → SRC-LD07-ASHER-KEYSTROKE-2026--v1.0 — Asher, Gold, Chen & Carvalho, “Chatbots Are Undermining Crowdsourced Research in the Behavioral Sciences,” AMPPS 9(1) (2026); class PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE (explicit public provenance pin)
- “Zhang et al. 2025” → SRC-LD07-ZHANG-HOMOGENIZATION-2025--v1.0 — Zhang, Xu & Alvero, “Generative AI Meets Open-Ended Survey Responses,” Sociological Methods & Research 54(3):1197–1242 (2025); class PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE (explicit public provenance pin)
- “Veselovsky et al.” → SRC-LD07-VESELOVSKY-CROWDWORK-2025--v1.0 — Veselovsky, Horta Ribeiro, Cozzolino, Gordon, Rothschild & West, “Prevalence and prevention of large language model use in crowd work,” CACM 2025; class PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE (explicit public provenance pin)
- “Chen et al. 2026” → SRC-LD07-CHEN-AI-AGENT-RESPONDING-2026--v1.0 — Chen, Urminsky et al., “Estimating the threat of AI-agent responding across online survey platforms,” PsyArXiv 2026; class PREPRINT (explicit public provenance pin)
- “Gordon et al. 2026” → SRC-LD07-GORDON-PREVALENCE-2026--v1.0 — Gordon et al., “AI Agent Prevalence and Data Quality Across Multiple Online Sample Providers,” PsyArXiv 2026; class PREPRINT (explicit public provenance pin)
- “Xu & Malkin 2026” → SRC-LD07-XU-MALKIN-PROMPTS-2026--v1.0 — Xu & Malkin, “A Penny for Your Prompts: Experiments Detecting and Mitigating LLM Usage by Survey Respondents,” arXiv:2607.00403; class PREPRINT (explicit public provenance pin)
- “Lin 2026” → SRC-LD07-LIN-TAXONOMY-2026--v1.0 — Lin, “Artificial-Intelligence-Mediated Contamination in Online Research: Taxonomy, Risk Gradient, and Recommendations,” AMPPS 9(3) (2026); class PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE (explicit public provenance pin)
Read the originals
- SRC-LD07-WESTWOOD-FREDERICK-REPLY-2026: open the original
- SRC-LD07-ASHER-KEYSTROKE-2026: open the original
- SRC-LD07-ZHANG-HOMOGENIZATION-2025: open the original
- SRC-LD07-VESELOVSKY-CROWDWORK-2025: open the original
- SRC-LD07-CHEN-AI-AGENT-RESPONDING-2026: open the original
- SRC-LD07-GORDON-PREVALENCE-2026: open the original
- SRC-LD07-XU-MALKIN-PROMPTS-2026: open the original
- SRC-LD07-LIN-TAXONOMY-2026: open the original
All 25 canonical Claim fields (raw values and normalized values)
| # | Canonical field | Canonical value (verbatim) | Normalized (Claim Value Vocabulary v1.0.2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CLAIM ID | LD07-HQ-C10 | — |
| 2 | PUBLIC-FACING CLAIM | AI-mediated responding is measurable in current online research, but self-reported assistance, overt outsourcing, AI-test failure and autonomous-agent detection are different estimands and cannot be pooled into one prevalence rate. | — |
| 3 | CLAIM TYPE | INTERPRETATION grounded in multiple ESTIMATES | base_types: INTERPRETATION |
| 4 | RESEARCH STRAND | D | — |
| 5 | MATURITY | EMERGING / MULTI-STUDY | states: EMERGING · qualifiers: MULTI_STUDY |
| 6 | SOURCE | Westwood & Frederick 2026; Asher et al. 2026; Zhang et al. 2025; Veselovsky et al.; Chen et al. 2026; Gordon et al. 2026; Xu & Malkin 2026; Lin 2026 | source_ids: SRC-LD07-WESTWOOD-FREDERICK-REPLY-2026, SRC-LD07-ASHER-KEYSTROKE-2026, SRC-LD07-ZHANG-HOMOGENIZATION-2025, SRC-LD07-VESELOVSKY-CROWDWORK-2025, SRC-LD07-CHEN-AI-AGENT-RESPONDING-2026, SRC-LD07-GORDON-PREVALENCE-2026, SRC-LD07-XU-MALKIN-PROMPTS-2026, SRC-LD07-LIN-TAXONOMY-2026 |
| 7 | SOURCE TYPE | Peer-reviewed studies + preprints + synthesis | classes: PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE, PREPRINT |
| 8 | INSTITUTIONAL POSITION | Mixed; Gordon includes Prolific personnel and requires position metadata | — |
| 9 | SCOPE | Prolific, MTurk and multiple online recruitment providers; primarily text-rich tasks | — |
| 10 | DESIGN | Self-report, keystroke logging, detector audits, cross-platform field tests | — |
| 11 | SAMPLE / DATASET | Multiple studies; N ranges from 250 to 5,200+, plus one Prolific n=2,898 audit | — |
| 12 | MODEL / TOOL / VERSION | Various; many estimates concern human assistance rather than one model | — |
| 13 | COMPARATOR | Human behavior / verified-human false-positive samples / platform detectors | — |
| 14 | MAIN RESULT | Non-zero AI mediation across multiple settings; estimates vary sharply because phenomena/platforms/detectors differ | — |
| 15 | INFERENTIAL TARGET | Prevalence of specified contamination pathway | — |
| 16 | DOES NOT LICENSE | “AI contamination rate = X%”; autonomous-agent prevalence from assistance/self-report | — |
| 17 | VERIFICATION STATE | CLEARED | state: CONTENT_VERIFIED_PRIMARY · verified_by: UNKNOWN |
| 18 | LIMITATIONS | Detector error; shifting norms; convenience platforms; sparse probability-panel evidence | — |
| 19 | CONTRADICTORY / SUPPORTING SOURCES | Lin taxonomy reconciles apparent conflicts | — |
| 20 | GEOGRAPHY / LANGUAGE | Mainly US/UK-centered online platforms / English | — |
| 21 | DISTRIBUTIONAL LEDGER | Strong verification may alter who can enter samples; selection/access trade-offs | — |
| 22 | R01 / FIELD-MAP LINKS | T1, T7, D9 | — |
| 23 | WHAT WOULD CHANGE THIS CLAIM? | Platform-independent validated detector and probability-panel audits | — |
| 24 | PUBLICATION STATUS | ELIGIBLE | state: ELIGIBLE |
| 25 | RECORDED DATE | 2026-09-25 | — |
Field 22 references resolved against Field Map v0.2: T1 (TENSION); T7 (TENSION); D9 (DOMAIN)
Cited by Living Debate versions
Research-of-record provenance
Materialized by sociolens-materializer 0.6.0 at 2026-09-28T20:00:00.000Z; normalization contract SocioLens — Claim Value Vocabulary v1.0.2 — Pre-Spike Materialization Contract (v1.0.2). Content seal SHA-256 224923964566c7fdc3087ae6455f20d36353b9312076ae0a5b414bb62de7b78c.
Frozen Drive-derived inputs
- R03 — LD-07 Canonical Claim Ledger v1.0 — LOCKED (v1.0) — Drive ID
1xVz_LrQAA8EA1tPhVWIrDgOUU3Zidlg9; revision: NOT_EXPOSED_BY_DRIVE_TEXT_EXPORT; Drive modified 2026-09-29T04:31:14.120Z; block “ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10” SHA-2560866c1cfa29d0cc54b4245705d05bfcc4d60e6046e3446b4724a7f7bab811241; SocioLens — Programme Status & Authority Register v0.6 status “CURRENT.”; frozen fixturefixtures/frozen/r03-ld07-claim-ledger-v1.0-canonical.
Builder decisions (not Drive data)
- VERSION = v1.0 — basis: Claim version taken from the canonical ledger artifact version (R03 — LD-07 Canonical Claim Ledger v1.0); Implementation Architecture Selection §5
- CURRENT_POINTER = true — basis: SocioLens — Programme Status & Authority Register v0.6 status for "R03 — LD-07 Canonical Claim Ledger v1.0 — LOCKED": "CURRENT."
- FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD07-WESTWOOD-FREDERICK-REPLY-2026--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10 cites "Westwood & Frederick 2026"; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §2 + §17; ledger C10; KEY EVIDENCE ("Peer reviewed letter").
- FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD07-ASHER-KEYSTROKE-2026--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10 cites "Asher et al. 2026"; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §3 + §17; ledger C10; KEY EVIDENCE.
- FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD07-ZHANG-HOMOGENIZATION-2025--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10 cites "Zhang et al. 2025"; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §4 + §17; ledger C10; KEY EVIDENCE.
- FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD07-VESELOVSKY-CROWDWORK-2025--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10 cites "Veselovsky et al."; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §5 + §17.
- FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD07-CHEN-AI-AGENT-RESPONDING-2026--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10 cites "Chen et al. 2026"; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §6 + §17; ledger C10.
- FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD07-GORDON-PREVALENCE-2026--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10 cites "Gordon et al. 2026"; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §7 + §17 (Prolific personnel among authors is recorded only in claim field 8).
- FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD07-XU-MALKIN-PROMPTS-2026--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10 cites "Xu & Malkin 2026"; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §8 + §17; ledger C10.
- FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD07-LIN-TAXONOMY-2026--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 10 — LD07-HQ-C10 cites "Lin 2026"; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §9 + §17; ledger C10; KEY EVIDENCE.
- SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD07-WESTWOOD-FREDERICK-REPLY-2026--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Westwood & Frederick 2026"; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §2 + §17; ledger C10; KEY EVIDENCE ("Peer reviewed letter").
- SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD07-ASHER-KEYSTROKE-2026--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Asher et al. 2026"; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §3 + §17; ledger C10; KEY EVIDENCE.
- SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD07-ZHANG-HOMOGENIZATION-2025--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Zhang et al. 2025"; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §4 + §17; ledger C10; KEY EVIDENCE.
- SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD07-VESELOVSKY-CROWDWORK-2025--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Veselovsky et al."; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §5 + §17.
- SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD07-CHEN-AI-AGENT-RESPONDING-2026--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Chen et al. 2026"; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §6 + §17; ledger C10.
- SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD07-GORDON-PREVALENCE-2026--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Gordon et al. 2026"; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §7 + §17 (Prolific personnel among authors is recorded only in claim field 8).
- SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD07-XU-MALKIN-PROMPTS-2026--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Xu & Malkin 2026"; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §8 + §17; ledger C10.
- SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD07-LIN-TAXONOMY-2026--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Lin 2026"; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #39 Source inventory): Batch 03 §9 + §17; ledger C10; KEY EVIDENCE.